Riverside County, California

Riverside County is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,418,185, making it the fourth-most populous county in California and the 10th-most populous in the United States. The name was derived from the city of Riverside, which is the county seat.

Riverside County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario Metropolitan Statistical Area, also known as the Inland Empire. The county is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach Combined Statistical Area.

Roughly rectangular, Riverside County covers in Southern California, spanning from the greater Los Angeles area to the Arizona border. Geographically, the county is mostly desert in the central and eastern portions, but has a Mediterranean climate in the western portion. Most of Joshua Tree National Park is located in the county. The resort cities of Palm Springs, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Rancho Mirage, and Desert Hot Springs are all located in the Coachella Valley region of central Riverside County.

Between 2007 and 2011, large numbers of Los Angeles-area workers moved to the county to take advantage of more affordable housing. Along with neighboring San Bernardino County, it was one of the fastest-growing regions in the state prior to the recent changes in the regional economy. In addition, smaller, but significant, numbers of people have been moving into southwest Riverside County from the San Diego metropolitan area. The cities of Temecula and Murrieta accounted for 20% of the increase in population of the county between 2000 and 2007.

History

Etymology

When Riverside County was formed in 1893 it was named for the city of Riverside, the county seat. The city, founded in 1870, received its name for its location beside the Santa Ana River.

Early history

The indigenous peoples of what is now Riverside County are the Luiseño, Cupeño and Cahuilla and eastern Santa Ana Mountains and southward into San Diego County. The Cahuilla territory is to the east and north of the Luiseño in the inland valleys, in the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains and the desert of the Salton Sink.

The first European settlement in the county was a Mission San Luis Rey de Francia estancia or farm at the Luiseño village of Temescal. In 1819, the Mission granted Leandro Serrano permission to occupy the land for the purpose of grazing and farming, and Serrano established Rancho Temescal. Serrano was mayordomo of San Antonio de Pala Asistencia for the Mission of San Luis Rey.

With the signing of the Treaty of Cordoba in 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain, but the San Gabriel Mission near what is now Los Angeles, California, continued to expand, and established Rancho San Gorgonio in 1824. The ranch was to be one of the Mission's principle ''rancherias'', and the most distant, and it occupied most of today's San Gorgonio Pass area.

Following Mexico's confiscation of Mission lands in 1833, a series of rancho land grants were made throughout the state. In the Riverside County this included; Rancho Jurupa in 1838, El Rincon in 1839, Rancho San Jacinto Viejo in 1842, Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio in 1843, Ranchos La Laguna, Pauba, Temecula in 1844, Ranchos Little Temecula, Potreros de San Juan Capistrano in 1845, Ranchos San Jacinto Sobrante, La Sierra (Sepulveda), La Sierra (Yorba), Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero in 1846.

New Mexican colonists founded the town of La Placita on the east side of the Santa Ana River at the northern extremity of what is now the city of Riverside in 1843.

When the initial 27 California counties were established in 1850, the area today known as Riverside County was divided between Los Angeles County and San Diego County. In 1853, the eastern part of Los Angeles County was used to create San Bernardino County. Between 1891 and 1893, several proposals and legislative attempts were put forth to form new counties in Southern California. These proposals included one for a Pomona County and one for a San Jacinto County. None of the proposals were adopted until a measure to create Riverside County was signed by Governor Henry H. Markham on March 11, 1893.Fitch, pages v–viii.

County history

The new county was created from parts of San Bernardino County and San Diego County. On May 2, 1893, seventy percent of voters approved the formation of Riverside County. Voters chose the city of Riverside as the county seat, also by a large margin. Riverside County was officially formed on May 9, 1893, when the Board of Commissioners filed the final canvass of the votes.

The county is also the location of the March Air Reserve Base, one of the oldest airfields continuously operated by the United States military. Established as the Alessandro Flying Training Field in February 1918, it was one of thirty-two U.S. Army Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I in April 1917. The airfield was renamed March Field the following month for 2d Lieutenant Peyton C. March, Jr., the recently deceased son of the then-Army Chief of Staff, General Peyton C. March, who was killed in an air crash in Texas just fifteen days after being commissioned. March Field remained an active Army Air Service, then U.S. Army Air Corps installation throughout the interwar period, later becoming a major installation of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. Renamed March Air Force Base in 1947 following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force, it was a major Strategic Air Command (SAC) installation throughout the Cold War. In 1996, it was transferred to the Air Force Reserve Command and gained its current name as a major base for the Air Force Reserve and the California Air National Guard.

Riverside county was a major focal point of the Civil Rights Movements in the US, especially the African-American sections of Riverside and heavily Mexican-American communities of the Coachella Valley visited by Cesar Chavez of the farm labor union struggle.

Riverside county has also been a focus of modern Native American Gaming enterprises. In the early 1980s, the county government attempted to shut down small bingo halls operated by the Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians and the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians. The tribes joined forces and fought the county all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in the tribes' favor on February 25, 1987. In turn, Congress enacted the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988 to establish a legal framework for the relationship between Indian gaming and state governments. Naturally, both tribes now operate large casinos in the county: the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa and the Fantasy Springs Resort Casino adjacent to Spotlight 29 Casino.

The county's population surpassed one million people in 1990 (year-round, would be 1980 with seasonal residents) when the current trend of high population growth as a major real estate destination began in the 1970s. Once strictly a place for long-distance commuters to L.A. and later Orange County, the county and city of Riverside started becoming more of a place to establish new or relocated offices, corporations and finance centers in the late 1990s and 2000s. More light industry, manufacturing and truck distribution centers became major regional employers in the county.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.3%) is water. It is the fourth-largest county in California by area. At roughly wide in the east–west dimension, the area of the county is massive. Riverside County, California is roughly the size of the State of New Jersey in total area. County government documents frequently cite the Colorado River town of Blythe as being a "three-hour drive" from the county seat, Riverside. Some view the areas west of San Gorgonio Pass as the Inland Empire portion of the county and the eastern part as either the Mojave Desert or Colorado Desert portion. There are probably at least three geomorphic provinces: the Inland Empire western portion, the Santa Rosa Mountains communities such as Reinhardt Canyon, and the desert region. Other possible subdivisions include tribal lands, the Colorado River communities, and the Salton Sea.

Flora and fauna

There is a diversity of flora and fauna within Riverside County. Vegetative plant associations feature many desert flora, but there are also forested areas within the county. The California endemic Blue oak, ''Quercus douglasii'' is at the southernmost part of its range in Riverside County.

National protected areas

* Cleveland National Forest (part)
* Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge
* Dos Palmas Preserve
* Joshua Tree National Park (part)
* San Bernardino National Forest (part)
* Sand to Snow National Monument (part)
* Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument

There are 19 official wilderness areas in Riverside County that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Some are integral parts of the above protected areas, most (11 of the 19) are managed solely by the Bureau of Land Management, and some share management between the BLM and the relevant other agencies. Some extend into neighboring counties:

* Agua Tibia Wilderness (part)
* Beauty Mountain Wilderness
* Big Maria Mountains Wilderness
* Cahuilla Mountain Wilderness
* Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness
* Joshua Tree Wilderness (part)
* Little Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness (part)
* Mecca Hills Wilderness
* Orocopia Mountains Wilderness
* Palen/McCoy Wilderness
* Palo Verde Mountains Wilderness (part)
* Pinto Mountains Wilderness
* Rice Valley Wilderness
* Riverside Mountains Wilderness
* San Gorgonio Wilderness (part)
* San Jacinto Wilderness
* San Mateo Canyon Wilderness (part)
* Santa Rosa Wilderness
* South Fork San Jacinto Wilderness

State parks

* California Citrus State Historic Park
* Lake Perris State Recreation Area
* Mount San Jacinto State Park

County parks and trails

* Hurkey Creek Park
* Idyllwild Park
* Indio Hills Palms
* Jensen Alvarado Ranch
* Lake Cahuilla Recreation Area
* Lake Skinner Recreation Area
* McCall Memorial Equestrian Park
* Santa Rosa Plateau

Demographics

2020 census

''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2011

Places by population, race, and income

2010

The 2010 United States Census reported that Riverside County had a population of 2,189,641. The racial makeup of Riverside County was 1,335,147 (61.0%) White (40.7% Non-Hispanic White), 140,543 (6.4%) African American, 23,710 (1.1%) Native American, 130,468 (6.0%) Asian (2.3% Filipino, 0.8% Chinese, 0.7% Vietnamese, 0.6% Korean, 0.5% Indian, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Cambodian, 0.1% Laotian, 0.1% Pakistani), 6,874 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 448,235 (20.5%) from other races, and 104,664 (4.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 995,257 persons (45.5%); 39.5% of Riverside County is Mexican, 0.8% Salvadoran, 0.7% Honduran, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Cuban, and 0.2% Nicaraguan.

2000

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,545,387 people, 506,218 households, and 372,576 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 584,674 housing units at an average density of 81 per square mile (31/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 65.6% White, 6.2% Black or African American, 1.2% Native American, 3.7% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 18.7% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. 36.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 9.2% were of German, 6.9% English, 6.1% Irish and 5.0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 67.2% spoke English and 27.7% Spanish as their first language.

In 2006 the county had a population of 2,026,803, up 31.2% since 2000. In 2005 45.8% of the population was non-Hispanic whites. The percentages of African Americans, Asians and Native Americans remained relatively similar to their 2000 figures. The percentage of Pacific Islanders had majorly risen to 0.4. Hispanics now constituted 41% of the population.

There were 506,218 households, out of which 38.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.0 and the average family size was 3.5.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,887, and the median income for a family was $48,409. Males had a median income of $38,639 versus $28,032 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,689. About 10.7% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.5% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government and law enforcement

Government

Riverside County is organized as a General Law County under the provision of the California Government Code. The county has five supervisorial districts, and one supervisor is elected from each district every four years.

In 1999, the County Board of Supervisors approved a multimillion-dollar planning effort to create the Riverside County Integrated Plan (RCIP) which was to encompass a completely new General Plan, regional transportation plan (CETAP) and Habitat Conservation Plan. The resultant General Plan adopted in 2003 was considered groundbreaking for its multidisciplinary approach to land use and conservation planning.

Courts

The Riverside Superior Court is the state trial court for Riverside County with 14 courthouses: Riverside Historic Courthouse, Riverside Hall of Justice, Riverside Family Law Court, Riverside Juvenile Court, Southwest Justice Center – Murrieta, Moreno Valley Court, Banning Court, Hemet Court, Corona Court, Temecula Court, Larson Justice Center – Indio, Indio Juvenile Court, Palm Springs Court and Blythe Court.

The main courthouse is the Riverside Historic Courthouse. This landmark, erected in 1903, was modeled after the Grand and Petit Palais in Paris, France. The courthouse, designed by Los Angeles architects Burnham and Bliesner, has a classical design – including a great hall that connects all the departments (courtrooms). In 1994, the courthouse was closed for seismic retrofits due to the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes. The courthouse was reopened and rededicated in September 1998.

Riverside County hands down 1 in 6 death sentences in the US, in spite of it having less than 1% of the population.

Law enforcement

Sheriff

The Riverside County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner services for all of Riverside County. It provides patrol, detective, and other police services for the unincorporated areas of the county plus by contract to the cities and towns of Coachella, Eastvale, Indian Wells, Jurupa Valley, La Quinta, Lake Elsinore, Moreno Valley, Norco, Palm Desert, Perris, Rancho Mirage, San Jacinto, Temecula and Wildomar. The Morongo Indian Reservation also contracts with the Sheriff's Office to provide police services to the reservation.

Municipal Police

Municipal departments within the county are Banning, Beaumont, Blythe, Calimesa, Cathedral City, Corona, Desert Hot Springs, Hemet, Indio, Menifee, Murrieta, Palm Springs, Riverside, Riverside Community College.

Politics

Voter registration

Overview

Prior to 2008, Riverside County was historically a Republican stronghold in presidential and congressional elections. Between its creation in 1893 and 2004, it voted for the Democratic presidential nominee only three times: Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 (by a margin of 337 votes, or 0.99%), Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 (by a margin of 19,363 votes, or 13.65%) and Bill Clinton in 1992 (by a margin of 6,784 votes, or 1.58%). In 1932, it was one of only two counties on the entire West Coast to vote for Republican president Herbert Hoover over Roosevelt.

However, in 2008, consistent with a trend in California and nationwide suburbs towards the Democratic Party, Barack Obama narrowly carried the county with 14,976 votes, a 2.32% margin over Republican John McCain. Mitt Romney lost the county in 2012 in a plurality. Hillary Clinton continued the Democratic win streak in the 2016 election, and became the first and only losing Democratic nominee to win the county. Former Democratic Vice President Joe Biden won the county outright in 2020 with a 79,196 lead over President Donald Trump, the largest ever raw vote margin for a Democrat.

Despite the federal trend towards Democrats, Republicans have continued to win Riverside County at the state level. During the 2018 gubernatorial election, Republican John H. Cox (50.2%) narrowly defeated Democrat Gavin Newsom (49.8%) in the county despite losing in a landslide statewide. During the gubernatorial recall against Newsom held three years later, Riverside County narrowly voted in favor of recalling Newsom despite the recall failing in another landslide.

In the United States House of Representatives, Riverside County is split between 4 congressional districts:
*
*
* and
* .

In the California State Senate, the county is split between 3 legislative districts:
* ,
* , and
* .

In the California State Assembly, the county is split between 7 legislative districts:
* the 42nd Assembly District, represented by Independent Chad Mayes,
* ,
* ,
* ,
* ,
* , and
* .

Riverside County voted 64.8% in favor of Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages. Only the city of Palm Springs voted against the measure.

Crime

The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

Cities by population and crime rates

Education

Universities and colleges

* Azusa Pacific University – Murrieta

Brandman University
part of the Chapman University System – Moreno Valley, Palm Desert, Riverside and Temecula
* California Baptist University – Riverside
* California Southern Law School – Riverside
* California State University, San Bernardino, Palm Desert Campus – Palm Desert
* California State University, San Marcos, Temecula Satellite Campus – Temecula
* College of the Desert – Palm Desert and Indio
* La Sierra University – Riverside
* Mayfield College – Cathedral City
* Mt. San Jacinto College – Banning, Menifee, San Jacinto, Temecula
* Olivet University – Anza
* Palo Verde College – Blythe
* Riverside Community College District
** Riverside City College
** Moreno Valley College
** Norco College
* Santa Barbara Business College – Palm Desert
* University of California, Riverside – Palm Desert and Riverside
* University of Phoenix – Murrieta and Palm Desert

K-12 schools

; Public school districts

K-12 unified:
* Alvord Unified School District
* Banning Unified School District
* Beaumont Unified School District
* Coachella Valley Unified School District
* Colton Joint Unified School District
* Corona-Norco Unified School District
* Desert Center Unified School District
* Desert Sands Unified School District
* Hemet Unified School District
* Jurupa Unified School District
* Lake Elsinore Unified School District
* Moreno Valley Unified School District
* Murrieta Valley Unified School District
* Palm Springs Unified School District
* Palo Verde Unified School District
* Riverside Unified School District
* San Jacinto Unified School District
* Temecula Valley Unified School District
* Val Verde Unified School District
* Yucaipa-Calimesa Joint Unified School District

Secondary:
* Perris Union High School District

Elementary:
* Menifee Union School District
* Nuview Union Elementary School District
* Perris Elementary School District
* Romoland Elementary School District

; State-operated schools
* California School for the Deaf, Riverside

; Bureau of Indian Education-operated schools:
* Sherman Indian High School

Transportation

Major highways

Public transportation

* Riverside Transit Agency serves the western third of Riverside County, as far east as Banning.
* SunLine Transit Agency serves Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley area.
* Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency provides service in Blythe, near the Arizona border.
* Pass Transit serves the San Gorgonio Pass communities.
* Corona Cruiser serves the city of Corona.
* Riverside County is also served by Greyhound buses.

Amtrak trains stop in Riverside and Palm Springs, and Amtrak California provides bus connections to the San Joaquins in Riverside, Beaumont, Palm Springs, Thousand Palms, Indio, Moreno Valley, Perris, Sun City, and Hemet.

Metrolink trains serve nine stations in Riverside County: Riverside-Downtown, Riverside-La Sierra, North Main-Corona, West Corona, Jurupa Valley/Pedley, Hunter Park/UCR, March Field-Moreno Valley, Perris-Downtown, and Perris-South. These trains provide service to Orange, San Bernardino and Los Angeles counties seven days a week, with a primarily commuter-oriented schedule.

Airports

Military air bases

* March Air Reserve Base (former March Air Force Base)

Commercial airports

* Palm Springs International Airport

General aviation airports

* Banning Municipal Airport
* Bermuda Dunes Airport
* Blythe Airport
* Corona Municipal Airport
* Flabob Airport, Riverside
* French Valley Airport (Temecula Valley)
* Hemet-Ryan Airport (San Jacinto Valley)
* Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport, Thermal (Coachella Valley)
* Perris Valley Airport
* Riverside Municipal Airport

Military installations

* Active
** Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range
** March Air Reserve Base
** Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach Detachment Norco
*** Naval Surface Warfare Center, Corona Division
* Historical
** Desert Training Center
*** Blythe Army Airfield
*** Desert Center Army Airfield
*** Palm Springs Army Airfield
*** Rice Army Airfield
*** Shaver's Summit Army Airfield
*** Thermal Army Airfield (Also named Naval Air Facility Thermal (historical))
** Hemet Army Airfield

Points of interest

* Empire Polo Club, location of the Coachella and Stagecoach music festivals
* Gold Base, international headquarters of the Church of Scientology and Golden Era Productions
* Indian Wells Tennis Garden
* Joshua Tree National Park
* Living Desert Zoo and Gardens
* March Field Air Museum
* Mission Inn Hotel & Spa
* Orange Empire Railway Museum
* Orocopia Mountains Wilderness
* Palm Springs Aerial Tramway and Mount San Jacinto State Park
* Palm Springs Desert Museum
* Ramona Bowl, Home of ''The Ramona Pageant''
* Riverside County fair grounds, location of the Riverside County Fair and National Date Festival
* Riverside National Cemetery, including the Medal of Honor Memorial
* Salton Sea State Recreation Area
* Santa Rosa Plateau
* Sunnylands Center & Gardens
* Temecula Valley AVA Wine Region
* Western Science Center

Communities

Cities

Unincorporated communities

* Aguanga
* Alberhill
* Alessandro
* Anza
* Arnold Heights
* Bermuda Dunes
* Bonnie Bell
* Box Springs
* Cabazon
* Cactus City
* Cahuilla

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